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Results for "employment"
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Promoting Women’s Employment, Income and Livelihood Opportunities
Women's economic dependence on men and unequal access to resources, including land and income-generating opportunities, increases the likelihood of women and girls engaging in a variety of unsafe sexual behaviors including transactional sex, coerced sex, earlier sexual debut, and multiple sexual partners, and thus increases their risk of becoming infected with HIV (Gillespie and Kadiyala, 2005)...
Increased employment opportunities, microfinance, or small-scale income-generating activities can reduce behavior that increases HIV risk, particularly among young people.*
Promoting Women’s Employment, Income and Livelihood Opportunities
4 studies
Gray
II, IIIb
HIV testing, Republic of Congo, condoms, employment, microfinance, risk behavior, sex behavior, training programs, youth
Haiti, South Africa
Migrant Women and Female Partners of Male Migrants
Women and men migrate for any number of reasons: lack of food or employment opportunities, war, etc. "In much of South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, millions of people living in poverty have no viable employment opportunities close to home, forcing individuals to migrate from their communities in search of... a means to provide economic resources for their families. Because of changing market de...
Reducing Stigma and Discrimination
"...Three decades into the epidemic, stigmatization remains a core feature of the patient experience of HIV/AIDS" (Gilbert and Walker, 2010: 144). Or as one woman living with HIV in Thailand put it: "It does not matter how many thousand people have HIV/AIDS... I would say that only zero percent will accept people living with HIV/AIDS" (Liamputtong et al., 2009: 865). Stigma and discrimination h...
Transforming Gender Norms
Gender norms stand in the way of reducing HIV; indeed, a recent study states that, "The global HIV pandemic in its current form cannot be effectively arrested without fundamental transformation of gender norms" (Dunkle and Jewkes, 2007: 173). As former U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton stated: "Achieving our objectives for global development will demand accelerated efforts to achieve gend...
Strengthening the Enabling Environment
In order for HIV and/or AIDS interventions for women and girls to succeed, factors beyond the health services need to be addressed through multisectoral interventions. These environmental factors include gender norms that guide how girls and boys grow to be women and men, legal norms that confer or withhold rights for women and girls, access to education, income, levels of tolerance for violenc...
Integrating legal education and services into health care settings can help ensure that women are able to secure their rights.
Advancing Human Rights and Access to Justice for Women and Girls
6 studies
Gray
IIIa, IV, V
HIV-related discrimination, legal assistance, people who use drugs, post-exposure prophylaxis, property rights, rape, violence against women, wills
Kenya, Ukraine, Zambia
PMTCT-Plus (family-focused) HIV care can increase the numbers of women and their partners who access treatment and remain adherent. Note: This should not be implemented in any way that prejudices women who do not want to disclose to partners (see overview).
Antenatal Care - Treatment
4 studies
Gray
IIIa, IIIb
PMTCT Plus, PMTCT-Plus, pregnancy, treatment
Africa, Botswana, Côte d’Ivoire, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia
Adherence and Support
"I'm 18 years, you are telling me drugs for life?" --Woman living with HIV in Uganda (Hsieh, 2013: 11)Treatment adherence is necessary to continually suppress the virus. Adherence to ART leads to better virological outcomes, prevents disease progression and improves survival (Nachega et al., 2010a; Nachega et al., 2010c). Conversely, inadequate adherence leads to drug resistance, which can then...
Isoniazid preventative therapy can reduce the incidence of active TB and increase survival among people living with HIV.
Tuberculosis
7 studies
Gray
I, II, IIIa, IIIb
TB, antiretrovirals, co-infection, screening, treatment
Botswana, Brazil, South Africa, Tanzania
Structuring Health Services to Meet Women’s Needs
The manner in which health services are structured has an impact on HIV prevention, treatment and care services for women and girls. Women often need multiple reproductive health services such as family planning in addition to HIV prevention, treatment and care, but most health care facilities are not structured to provide integrated services. Integration can be defined broadly as 1) co-locatio...
Female Sex Workers
Sex workers, whose work involves sexual relations with multiple partners, are a key group of women who need access to comprehensive sexual health services, including HIV prevention, treatment and care. Programs that enhance sex workers' ability to use condoms are also vitally important (Lafort et al., 2010; Pisani, 2008). Unprotected sex with multiple partners puts sex workers at risk of HIV ac...
Decentralization and integration of HIV services may increase adherence and early access to ART. [See also %{c:25}]
Adherence and Support
7 studies
Gray
I, IIIa
Central African Republic, adherence, and Zimbabwe, health facilities, health services, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Republic of the Congo, treatment
Cambodia, Côte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, India, Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Thailand, Uganda, Zambia
Advancing Human Rights and Access to Justice for Women and Girls
*Respecting, protecting and fulfilling womens rights, particularly the rights of the most marginalized women, is increasingly understood as fundamental to an effective HIV response. Laws reflecting unequal gender norms that discriminate against women may limit their ability to protect themselves from HIV infection. In many countries where women are most at risk for acquiring HIV, laws to protec...
