Showing 1 - 20 of 36 Results for "India"

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Efforts are needed to reduce TB-related stigma for women. A study found that in Malawi, TB-related stigma was closely linked with HIV; in Colombia, women faced work-related stigma; and in India and Bangladesh, women were concerned about the impact of TB on marital prospects and social isolation.
Tuberculosis
1 study
Further interventions are needed to improve quality of life for women living with HIV. A study found that women with HIV had lower quality of life scores than men.
Women and Girls
1 study
Innovation and research is needed on what works to reduce alcohol consumption and associated risks. A study of community interventions to reduce alcohol use found reduced sexual risk behavior. Wives perceive alcohol as a stimulus for men’s extramarital sex and violent behavior.
Partner Reduction
1 study
Health care settings must address the needs of transgender people and reduce barriers to services. One study found that transgender women reported stigma, discrimination and violations of confidentiality by providers.
Transgender Women and Men
1 study
A combination of infection control strategies is needed to reduce the rate of TB transmission, especially in high-risk, low-resourced health care settings. [See %{c:25}] “Early initiation of ART will significantly reduce TB incidence among people on ART, but additional interventions such as screening for TB using highly sensitive tools, preventative therapy, nutrition interventions, anemia, and poverty reduction may be needed to further reduce the burden of TB among people on ART” (Van Rie et al., 2011: 354). A study found that nutrition supplementation may increase patient survival and decrease the recurrence of TB among people living with HIV.
Tuberculosis
1 study
All sex workers, but particularly sex workers living with HIV, need access to information and services for contraception and dual method use. Studies found that sex workers, particularly HIV-positive sex workers, lacked access to contraceptive options and had high rates of abortion. [See also %{c:15}]
Female Sex Workers
1 study
Interventions are needed to improve quality of HIV treatment and care within health services. Studies found that guidelines for counseling were missing from facilities and that clients were referred for HIV testing and counseling in geographically distant locations based on donor preference.
Structuring Health Services to Meet Women’s Needs
1 study
Women, especially married women, ongoing education about the role of condoms in preventing HIV acquisition and transmission, along with condom negotiation skills. A study found that women did not believe that condoms reduce the risk of HIV transmission. Another study found that married women of alcoholic men are aware of risks of contracting HIV from their husbands but reported difficulty in negotiating condom use as well as violence.
Male and Female Condom Use
1 study
While treatment of all STIs can improve everyone’s health and well-being, further interventions are needed to screen and treat ulcerative STIs, which have the most impact on HIV susceptibility and transmission. Studies have found however, that, to date, regimens to suppress genital herpes and other STIs have not been effective in reducing HSV transmission.
Treating Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
1 study
Interventions are needed to bring men and women, youth and parents together to focus on the positive aspects of sexuality. Studies found sexual education focuses on disease, burdening girls with prohibitions, yet neglecting boys.
Mitigating Risk
1 study
Evidence-based interventions are needed for adolescents who inject drugs. "There is a pronounced lack of data on young women who use or inject drugs, a key subpopulation with complex needs" (Larney et al., 2015: S106), despite high rates of HIV. In addition, “it is imperative that interventions not rely on law enforcement, but instead provide low-threshold, voluntary services, shelter and support..." (Conner, 2015: para 1).
Increasing Access to Services
1 study
Interventions to increase the knowledge of people living with HIV — especially women — regarding their rights and provision of resources for them to access and claim these rights need to be scaled up. Studies found that women had insufficient knowledge of their legal rights and no resources to claim their legal rights.
Advancing Human Rights and Access to Justice for Women and Girls
1 study
Interventions are needed to reduce homophobia, which may lead MSM to have partnerships with women. Studies found that homosexuality was heavily stigmatized and that gender norms pressured MSM to marry and have families.
Partner Reduction
1 study
Interventions are needed to provide sex workers with greater control and access over money and resources, which can have a positive impact on HIV-related risk reduction. Studies found that if sex workers had access to resources under their control, women were more likely to negotiate condom use and that female sex workers in debt were less likely to report condom use.
Female Sex Workers
1 study
Well-functioning laboratory systems are needed to measure viral load via PCR to assess effectiveness of treatment. However, adequate clinical results can also be cost-effective and meet patient needs. A study in sub-Saharan Africa found that more than half of test results for viral load were invalid or inaccurate. A review done in low and middle-income countries showed that lack of routine virologic monitoring in resource limited ART programs led to the development of cross-resistance to the NRTI component of second-line treatment. Even where virological monitoring is available and demonstrates virological failure, delayed switching of patients to alternative antiretroviral therapy regimens occurs.
Provision and Access
1 study
Additional efforts are needed to improve information and counseling about HIV during ANC to ensure that pregnant women and their sexual partners have adequate information. Studies found significant numbers of pregnant women received HIV tests with no counseling and reported that HIV testing was a mandatory part of their antenatal care. Studies also found that HIV-positive women feared transmitting HIV to their babies through casual contact. Studies found some providers assured women that treatment guaranteed that there would be no vertical transmission. In addition, studies found that some couples erroneously believed that sex during pregnancy causes miscarriages. Studies have also found that women who have tested HIV-negative at their first antenatal visit had seroconverted to HIV-positive by 12 months following delivery.
Antenatal Care - Testing and Counseling
1 study
Clear policies and legislation supporting access to information and sexuality education are needed to reduce the risk of HIV transmission among young people. Studies found that sex education was lacking, particularly among street children who are at high risk of HIV acquisition.
Mitigating Risk
1 study
Interventions are needed for adolescents to reduce acceptance of gender-based violence and stigma against people living with HIV. A study found high rates of stigma among adolescent girls. A nationally representative survey of youth in Tanzania found high rates of acceptance for a husband to beat his wife if she goes out without telling him; argues with him; burns food; or refuses to have sex with him. In 35% of countries with data available, more than 50% of women and men report discriminatory attitudes toward people living with HIV (UNAIDS, 2015e).
Mitigating Risk
1 study
Enforcement of standard protocols is needed to reduce the risk of provider coercion in HIV testing, particularly in provider-initiated testing and counseling. Studies found that significant numbers of women reported that they could not refuse an HIV test or that HIV testing was mandatory.
HIV Testing and Counseling for Women
1 study
Further interventions are needed to reduce stigma and discrimination against women, specifically, who are at high risk or living with HIV. [See also %{s:45}] Studies found that women and girls are highly stigmatized if they test positive for HIV. Stigma impacts the HIV-positive woman, herself, as well as her children, her siblings and her family. Some providers also discriminate against those living with HIV.
Reducing Stigma and Discrimination
1 study