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Showing 121 - 140 of 236 Results for "treatment"

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High ART coverage may reduce the number of new and recurrent TB cases.
Tuberculosis
2 studies Gray IIIb TB, treatment Malawi, Zimbabwe
Concerted efforts are needed to enable adolescents at risk to test confidentially for HIV and be immediately linked to services, with information on where and how to access services. Access to and update of HIV testing and counseling (HTC) by adolescents is significantly lower than for adults. One study found that adolescents who were tested through provider-initiated testing (the WHO standard) had higher loss to follow up if they tested HIV-positive than adolescents who were tested through voluntary testing and counseling (Lamb et al., 2014). HTC must, according to WHO, include consent, confidentiality, counseling, correct test results and connections to treatment, care and prevention services. A recent report found that no data exists for HTC among ages 10 to 14 (All in to End Adolescent AIDS, 2015c). Access to HTC for adolescents who inject drugs is particularly challenging. HTC clients also need counseling on contraception and referral to services.
Increasing Access to Services
1 study
Adequate supply planning and secure funding are needed to avoid ARV stock-outs and use of obsolete medications. "As ART cannot be interrupted without risk of development of drug resistance – and hence worse survival – people on ART need an uninterrupted supply…" (WHO, 2014a: 32). The Coordinated Procurement Planning Initiative, which monitors the supply of ARVs in 22 countries, found that at any point half of these countries were at high risk of stock out (WHO, 2014a).  Between 30% and 45% of low- and middle-income countries have annually reported stock outs in recent years (WHO, 2014a).  Studies in multiple sub-Saharan African countries report stock shortages and stock outs as major risk factors for treatment interruption. "….Models of supply chain management need to be directly tied to health outcomes to ensure that the priority is improving health rather then reducing costs" (Ying et al., 2014, para 17).
Provision and Access
1 study
Additional efforts are needed to improve information and counseling about HIV during ANC to ensure that pregnant women and their sexual partners have adequate information. Studies found significant numbers of pregnant women received HIV tests with no counseling and reported that HIV testing was a mandatory part of their antenatal care. Studies also found that HIV-positive women feared transmitting HIV to their babies through casual contact. Studies found some providers assured women that treatment guaranteed that there would be no vertical transmission. In addition, studies found that some couples erroneously believed that sex during pregnancy causes miscarriages. Studies have also found that women who have tested HIV-negative at their first antenatal visit had seroconverted to HIV-positive by 12 months following delivery.
Antenatal Care - Testing and Counseling
1 study
Early active follow up when patients miss appointments may increase adherence.
Adherence and Support
2 studies Gray IIIa, IIIb adherence, treatment Kenya, Malawi
Early HIV diagnosis and early HAART for HIV positive infants can drastically reduced infant mortality in resource-limited settings.
Postpartum
1 study Gray II PMTCT, testing, treatment South Africa
Successful strategies are needed to increase adherence to ART among adolescents and reduce loss to follow up. A study found that adolescents and young adults aged 15 to 24 living with HIV were more likely, following treatment initiation, to have higher viral loads, higher rates of virological failure and greater low to follow up from services. Another study found that adolescents (ages 9 to 19) had poorer virological outcomes compared to young adults (ages 20 to 28). A review found few estimates on viral suppression among ages 10 to 19 (All in End Adolescent AIDS, 2015c). A specialized HIV management program could not retain a substantial proportion of those who tested positive for HIV in care. A review of studies of adherence among adolescents and children in Lower and Middle Income countries found that most studies were cross-sectional with age data ranging from six months to 21, limiting the ability to define which strategies are key to increasing adherence among ages 10 to 19. Cognitive behavioral therapy can be further explored as a strategy to increase adherence in adolescent populations.
Increasing Access to Services
1 study
Highly-active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) with good nutritional intake and regular medical care can improve health and survival of orphaned children living with HIV in resource-poor settings.
Orphans and Vulnerable Children
2 studies Gray IIIb HAART, children, orphans, treatment Kenya, Tanzania
Targeted education efforts can increase adolescent uptake of HIV testing and counseling and related services
Increasing Access to Services
2 studies Gray IIIa, IIIb adolescents, health services, stigma, testing, treatment Ethiopia
[See also %{c:13}]
Women Prisoners and Female Partners of Male Prisoners
2 studies Gray IIIb HIV testing, prisoners, treatment Côte d’Ivoire, Indonesia
Pill counts and pillbox organizers increase adherence and are a low-technology empowerment tool.
Adherence and Support
3 studies Gray IIIb adherence, pill counts, pillbox organizers, treatment Kenya, Nigeria, United States
Decentralization of health services may increase adherence and early access to ART.
Structuring Health Services to Meet Women’s Needs
3 studies Gray IIIb CD4 counts, adherence, health facilities, treatment Cameroon, Malawi, South Africa
Screening for and treating STIs syndromically on a continuous, accessible basis improves overall health, and has been associated in one study with reducing the risks of HIV acquisition in a setting with high STI prevalence.
Treating Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
2 studies Gray IIIa, IIIb Eastern, STIs, health facilities, treatment Southern Africa, Tanzania
Access to ARVs may decrease stigma and improve quality of life. [See also %{s:67}]
Women and Girls
2 studies Gray IIIb Swaziland and Tanzania, stigma, support groups, treatment Lesotho, Malawi, South Africa
Scaling up PMTCT programs increases the number of women who know their serostatus and improves HIV knowledge.
Structuring Health Services to Meet Women’s Needs
3 studies Gray IV, V HIV testing, PMTCT, antenatal care, treatment Cameroon, Côte d’Ivoire
Mobile phone text messages from health providers may improve adherence by providing patient support. Note: WHO notes the importance of national regulations to protect the privacy of those receiving text messages (WHO, 2013: 180).
Adherence and Support
6 studies Gray I, II, IIIb adherence, mobile phones, pill counts, treatment Brazil, India, Kenya, Uganda
Screening for TB during routine antenatal care in high HIV prevalent settings may result in increased TB detection rates in women and is acceptable to most women, although stigma may be a barrier.
Tuberculosis
3 studies Gray IV, V PMTCT, TB, antenatal care), screening, stigma, treatment Malawi, South Africa
Discussing the risk of vertical transmission with providers and/or other HIV-positive women with seronegative children can increase women’s confidence about preventing vertical transmission of HIV.
Pre-Conception
3 studies Gray IV, V Cuba, PMTCT, support groups, treatment South Africa, Thailand
(Metzger and Navaline, 2003 cited in Strathdee et al., 2006; Demaan et al., 2002 cited in Strathdee et al., 2006; Metzger et al., 2003 cited in Strathdee et al., 2006; Ball et al., 1988 cited in Strathdee et al., 2006; Bruce, 2010; Roberts et al., 2010).
Women Who Use Drugs and Female Partners of Men Who Use Drugs
10 studies Gray I, IIIa, IIIb, IV PWID, drug treatment, drug use, opioids, pregnancy, sexual partners, transmission Australia, Europe, Malaysia, Taiwan, United States
Isoniazid preventative therapy can reduce the incidence of active TB and increase survival among people living with HIV.
Tuberculosis
7 studies Gray I, II, IIIa, IIIb TB, antiretrovirals, co-infection, screening, treatment Botswana, Brazil, South Africa, Tanzania