Showing 121 - 140 of 174
Results for "health services"
Results
Antenatal Care - Testing and Counseling
In 2007, only an estimated 18% of pregnant women were offered HIV tests (ITPC, 2009). "The purpose of antenatal VCT should be to help a woman prepare for a possible positive HIV diagnosis [and] to provide her with information about PMTCT options" (De Bruyn and Paxton, 2005: 145). In developing country settings, between eight and ten percent of women report having received PMTCT interventions (P...
Safe Motherhood and Prevention of Vertical Transmission
Three vital components of AIDS programming for women living with HIV are ensuring safe motherhood through access to health care before, during and after pregnancy and childbirth; ensuring access to treatment; and ensuring access to services to prevent vertical HIV transmission. While much progress has been made in reducing vertical transmission, more could be done. A recent demographic model sh...
Clinic-based interventions with outreach workers can be effective in increasing condom use and HIV testing among sex workers.
Female Sex Workers
5 studies
Gray
IIIa, IIIb, V
HIV testing, STIs, community outreach, condom use, contraception, sex behavior, sex workers, sexually transmitted infections
Brazil, China, Guatemala, Mexico, Mozambique
Routinely offered testing that is voluntary and accompanied by counseling is acceptable to most women.
Antenatal Care - Testing and Counseling
9 studies
Gray
II, IIIb, IV, V
HIV testing, PMTCT, antenatal care, pregnancy
Botswana, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Europe, Hong Kong, Kenya, Malawi, Uganda, United States, Zimbabwe
Prevention for Key Affected Populations
Some women are particularly at risk of HIV acquisition due to their occupational exposures, their behavior or that of their sexual partner(s), their sexual identity and/or their sexual orientation. These women live in particularly challenging situations and have high vulnerability to HIV infection and low access to HIV services (Beyrer et al., 2011). UNAIDS defines key populations as those most...
Pre-Conception
Although many women do not learn their HIV status until they become pregnant, for those women who know they are HIV-positive prior to choosing to become pregnant, pre-conception assessments may inform both her and her partner of the safest way to become pregnant without HIV transmission to the infant or HIV transmission between serodiscordant couples. Therefore, throughout their reproductive ye...
Comprehensive harm reduction programs, including needle exchange programs, condom distribution, agonist therapy and outreach, and nonjudgmental risk reduction counseling can reduce HIV risk behaviors and prevalence among PWID.
Women Who Use Drugs and Female Partners of Men Who Use Drugs
10 studies
Gray
I, II, IIIa, IIIb
HIV testing, PWID, PWID drug treatment, condom use, counseling, drug treatment, drug use, harm reduction, health education, needle distribution, needle exchange, needles
Australia, Bangladesh, Brazil, Canada, China, Europe, India, Nepal, Russia, United States
Creating a sense of community, empowerment and leadership among sex workers can help support effective HIV prevention.
Female Sex Workers
6 studies
Gray
II, IIIb, V
Armenia, HIV testing, community organizing, condoms, empowerment, peer education, prevention, sex workers, violence
India, Kenya
Addressing Violence Against Women
Violence, in addition to being a human rights violation, has been clearly demonstrated as a risk factor for HIV (WHO, 2010f; Stephenson, 2007; Jewkes et al., 2006a; Manfrin-Ledet and Porche, 2003; Dunkle et al., 2004; Quigley et al., 2000b; Silverman et al., 2008). Analysis of DHS data in Rwanda showed that currently married women with few, if any, sexual risk factors for HIV but who have exper...
Transforming Gender Norms
Gender norms stand in the way of reducing HIV; indeed, a recent study states that, "The global HIV pandemic in its current form cannot be effectively arrested without fundamental transformation of gender norms" (Dunkle and Jewkes, 2007: 173). As former U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton stated: "Achieving our objectives for global development will demand accelerated efforts to achieve gend...
Female Sex Workers
Sex workers, whose work involves sexual relations with multiple partners, are a key group of women who need access to comprehensive sexual health services, including HIV prevention, treatment and care. Programs that enhance sex workers' ability to use condoms are also vitally important (Lafort et al., 2010; Pisani, 2008). Unprotected sex with multiple partners puts sex workers at risk of HIV ac...
Peer counseling by mother mentors may improve treatment adherence among pregnant women living with HIV.
Antenatal Care - Treatment
6 studies
Gray
II, IIIa, IIIb, IV, V
adherence, peer support, pregnancy, treatment
Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Namibia, Nigeria, South Africa, Uganda
Programs that provide community-wide cash transfers, microenterprise opportunities, old age pensions or other targeted financial and livelihood assistance can be effective in supporting orphans.
Orphans and Vulnerable Children
6 studies
Gray
II, IV, V
OVC, adolescents, community care, financial assistance, grandparents, microfinance, orphans, pensions, self-perception, sexual risk-taking
Kenya, Malawi, South Africa, Uganda, Zambia
Women and Girls in Complex Emergencies
Complex emergencies are situations of disrupted livelihoods and threats to life produced by warfare, civil disturbance and large-scale movements of people, in which any emergency response has to be conducted in a difficult political and security environment (WHO, 2002). Complex emergencies can also be generated from natural disasters. An estimated 200 million people are affected every year by h...
Antenatal Care - Treatment
Antiretroviral treatment (ART) for women living with HIV is vital to ensuring safe motherhood and reducing vertical transmission. But not all pregnant women access treatment. For women in high-income countries where access to triple therapy during pregnancy has been the standard of care and is near universal, rates of vertical HIV transmission are as low as 0.4%, for example, in Canada (Forbes ...
Women Who Use Drugs and Female Partners of Men Who Use Drugs
Despite injecting drug use being a main driver of the HIV epidemic in many parts of the world, evaluated tailored responses for women who use drugs or for female sexual partners of men who use drugs have not matched the needs of this population. Injecting drug use is globally widespread and the main driver of the HIV epidemic in some parts of the world. Approximately 16 million people in 148 co...
Provision and Access
Antiretroviral therapy has been successfully administered in a range of situations with adherence, retention, and clinical outcomes similar to those achieved in resource-rich countries. Increasing provision and access, grounded in human rights based approaches, across all populations is critical to continuing that success.
"I cook scones for my children and do not get tired. I do chores, pound...
