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Promoting Women’s Leadership
Strengthening womens rights and health NGOs and supporting women leaders who can mobilize in-country efforts in the interests of women and girls affected by HIV is critical. "...It is not enough for programmes and strategies to be designed on behalf of those living with AIDS; we have much to learn from their experiences, and how they struggle to negotiate being positive and maintaining sex live...
Increasing Access to Services
While the literature on access to HIV services by adolescents is limited, the literature on access to sexual and reproductive health services more broadly demonstrates that youth-friendly approaches can increase use of reproductive health care services by female adolescents (Gay et al., 2015). Young peoples service needs are frequently overlooked in HIV programming that is not specifically for ...
Decriminalization of drug possession and drug use and legalized comprehensive harm reduction services can significantly reduce HIV infections among people who use drugs, compared with persistent or growing rates in countries where such services are restricted or blocked by law. (Global Commission on HIV and the Law, 2012: 29). [See also %{s:11}]
Advancing Human Rights and Access to Justice for Women and Girls
6 studies
Gray
IIIb, V
Czech Republic, Portugal, criminalization, drug use, methadone, needles, opiate substitution therapy
Canada, China, Estonia, Switzerland
Peer counseling by mother mentors may improve treatment adherence among pregnant women living with HIV.
Antenatal Care - Treatment
6 studies
Gray
II, IIIa, IIIb, IV, V
adherence, peer support, pregnancy, treatment
Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Namibia, Nigeria, South Africa, Uganda
Prevention for Women
In this era of great strides forward in treatment, it is important not to lose sight of the continued need to undertake a range of interventions to prevent HIV transmission. An estimated 2.7 million people newly acquired HIV infection in 2010, as they did for each of the years 2009, 2008 and 2007, down from 3.1 million people in 2002 (WHO et al., 2011b). However, even with all this encouraging ...
Promoting Women’s Employment, Income and Livelihood Opportunities
Women's economic dependence on men and unequal access to resources, including land and income-generating opportunities, increases the likelihood of women and girls engaging in a variety of unsafe sexual behaviors including transactional sex, coerced sex, earlier sexual debut, and multiple sexual partners, and thus increases their risk of becoming infected with HIV (Gillespie and Kadiyala, 2005)...
Involving partners, with women’s consent, can result in increased testing and disclosure and may reduce risk of vertical transmission and infant mortality.
Antenatal Care - Testing and Counseling
4 studies
Gray
II, IIIa, IIIb
HIV testing, PMTCT, STIs, antenatal care, condoms, counseling, pregnancy, sexual partners
India, Kenya, South Africa
Prevention and Services for Adolescents and Young People
The interventions in this section should also be viewed in conjunction with other topics where young women are included. Studies with adolescent-specific data are also included in the following sections: %{c:5}; %{c:7}; %{c:11}; %{c:13}; %{c:17}; %{c:21}; and %{c:23}.
HIV among adolescents is a growing concern. UNAIDS notes that adolescent girls and young women are a key population in danger o...
Antiretroviral therapy has been successfully administered with good adherence, good patient retention, and good clinical outcomes in resource-poor settings, including humanitarian settings, with increased patient survival; results have been similar to those achieved in resource-rich countries.
Provision and Access
15 studies
Gray
I, IIIa, IIIb
CD4 counts, HAART, Jamaica, Mali, South America, conflict, displaced persons, life expectancy, treatment
Africa, Angola, Asia, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chile, Côte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Europe, Ghana, Haiti, India, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Myanmar, Nigeria, North America, Rwanda, Senegal, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Thailand, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe
Viral suppression with ARV therapy can minimize the risk of HIV transmission and improve health.
Staying Healthy and Reducing Transmission
12 studies
Gray
II, IIIa, IIIb
CD4 counts, and Zimbabwe, condom use, prevention, seroconversion, serodiscordant, sex behavior, the United States of America, treatment, viral load
Australia, Botswana, Brazil, China, Côte d'Ivoire, India, Italy, Kenya, Malawi, Rwanda, South Africa, Spain, Sub-Saharan Africa, Tanzania, Thailand, Uganda, United States, Zambia, Zimbabwe
Antenatal Care - Testing and Counseling
In 2007, only an estimated 18% of pregnant women were offered HIV tests (ITPC, 2009). "The purpose of antenatal VCT should be to help a woman prepare for a possible positive HIV diagnosis [and] to provide her with information about PMTCT options" (De Bruyn and Paxton, 2005: 145). In developing country settings, between eight and ten percent of women report having received PMTCT interventions (P...
Meeting the Sexual and Reproductive Health Needs of Women Living With HIV
Given that most HIV transmission occurs through sexual intercourse, it is critical to include a sexual and reproductive health lens in HIV programming. In fact, several European governments have recently revised their international policies, recognizing that HIV/AIDS is a sexual and reproductive health issue (Germain et al., 2009).
All women have the right to decide freely and responsibly on t...
Malaria
Malaria and HIV co-infection is a critical public health problem that may fuel the spread of both diseases in countries where both diseases are endemic. Malaria seems to be more common for people living with HIV and in areas of unstable malaria transmission, people living with HIV face increased risk of death (Mermin et al., 2006). Men and women living with HIV with CD4 counts below 300 cells p...
Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision
Male circumcision has now been shown in three randomized clinical trials to reduce the risk of HIV acquisition for men by 50-60% (Auvert et al., 2005; Bailey et al., 2007; Gray et al., 2007). Male circumcision at birth as part of postnatal care could result, upon sexual initiation and during his lifetime, in a reduction in the risk of HIV acquisition. Voluntary medical male circumcision (VMMC) ...
Women and Girls in Complex Emergencies
Complex emergencies are situations of disrupted livelihoods and threats to life produced by warfare, civil disturbance and large-scale movements of people, in which any emergency response has to be conducted in a difficult political and security environment (WHO, 2002). Complex emergencies can also be generated from natural disasters. An estimated 200 million people are affected every year by h...
Addressing Violence Against Women
Violence, in addition to being a human rights violation, has been clearly demonstrated as a risk factor for HIV (WHO, 2010f; Stephenson, 2007; Jewkes et al., 2006a; Manfrin-Ledet and Porche, 2003; Dunkle et al., 2004; Quigley et al., 2000b; Silverman et al., 2008). Analysis of DHS data in Rwanda showed that currently married women with few, if any, sexual risk factors for HIV but who have exper...
Provision and Access
Antiretroviral therapy has been successfully administered in a range of situations with adherence, retention, and clinical outcomes similar to those achieved in resource-rich countries. Increasing provision and access, grounded in human rights based approaches, across all populations is critical to continuing that success.
"I cook scones for my children and do not get tired. I do chores, pound...
