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Results for "female condoms"
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Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision
Male circumcision has now been shown in three randomized clinical trials to reduce the risk of HIV acquisition for men by 50-60% (Auvert et al., 2005; Bailey et al., 2007; Gray et al., 2007). Male circumcision at birth as part of postnatal care could result, upon sexual initiation and during his lifetime, in a reduction in the risk of HIV acquisition. Voluntary medical male circumcision (VMMC) ...
Community-based participatory learning approaches involving men and women can create more gender-equitable relationships, thereby decreasing violence. [See also %{s:57}]
Addressing Violence Against Women
5 studies
Gray
II, IIIa, IIIb, IV
condom use, condoms, gender norms, gender relations, men, sex behavior, violence
Ethiopia, South Africa, Uganda
Women Who Have Sex With Women (WSW)
At least seventy-six countries criminalize consensual samesex relations, making access to HIV prevention, treatment and care a challenge for women who have sex with women (UN General Assembly, 2011). According to a report by the International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission, although prevalence rates are lower than heterosexual women, same-sex practicing South African women self-report ...
Women and Girls in Complex Emergencies
Complex emergencies are situations of disrupted livelihoods and threats to life produced by warfare, civil disturbance and large-scale movements of people, in which any emergency response has to be conducted in a difficult political and security environment (WHO, 2002). Complex emergencies can also be generated from natural disasters. An estimated 200 million people are affected every year by h...
Increased employment opportunities, microfinance, or small-scale income-generating activities can reduce behavior that increases HIV risk, particularly among young people.*
Promoting Women’s Employment, Income and Livelihood Opportunities
4 studies
Gray
II, IIIb
HIV testing, Republic of Congo, condoms, employment, microfinance, risk behavior, sex behavior, training programs, youth
Haiti, South Africa
Providing clinic services that are youth-friendly, conveniently located, affordable, confidential and non-judgmental, can increase use of clinic reproductive health services, including HIV testing and counseling and treatment services
Increasing Access to Services
7 studies
Gray
IIIb, IV
HIV testing, STIs, South Africa and Swaziland, Zimbabw, adolescents, health services, mass media, providers, support, treatment, youth
Botswana, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe
Community or school-based HIV education can reduce stigmatizing attitudes towards those living with HIV
Mitigating Risk
6 studies
Gray
IIIa, IIIb, V
Lao PDR, adolescents, communication, education, knowledge, self-perception, sex education, sexual behavior, stigma
China, South Africa, Thailand, Uganda
Integrating HIV services with family planning, maternal health care or within primary care facilities can increase uptake of HIV testing and treatment and other reproductive health services. [See also %{s:45}]
Structuring Health Services to Meet Women’s Needs
9 studies
Gray
IIIa, IIIb, IV
CD4 counts, HAART, HIV testing, TB, abortion, condom use, contraception, family planning, health facilities, pregnancy, testing, treatment
Cambodia, Kenya, Mozambique, Nigeria, South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia
Prevention for Women
In this era of great strides forward in treatment, it is important not to lose sight of the continued need to undertake a range of interventions to prevent HIV transmission. An estimated 2.7 million people newly acquired HIV infection in 2010, as they did for each of the years 2009, 2008 and 2007, down from 3.1 million people in 2002 (WHO et al., 2011b). However, even with all this encouraging ...
Staying Healthy and Reducing Transmission
"Me, I try to tell the man that, 'In this house we have been found with this problem. We should accept it. I should not point a finger at you. You, too, should not point a finger at me. Just buy your protection.' And so, little by little what he does now is different from what he did in the past." --Malawi woman living with HIV (Mkandawire-Valhmu and Stephens, 2010: 691)Successfully treated peo...
Advancing Education
Increasing girls' access to education is critical to combating the AIDS pandemic. "There is a well-established protective effect of schooling on HIV risk" (Pettifor et al., 2008a; Hargreaves et al., 2008a; Jukes et al., 2008 cited in Pettifor et al., 2012a: 1). Education of girls is associated with delayed marriage and childbearing, lower fertility, healthier babies, and increased earning poten...
Mitigating Risk
Young People Need Information
"I want to know if I can have a boyfriend because every time I ask my mum she tells me not to. I would also love to learn about safe sex and safe motherhood (14 year old adolescent girl living with HIV, Zambia cited in Mburu et al., 2013).
A review of the global literature on adolescents found that "there is a significant unmet need for information, education, an...
Addressing Violence Against Women
Violence, in addition to being a human rights violation, has been clearly demonstrated as a risk factor for HIV (WHO, 2010f; Stephenson, 2007; Jewkes et al., 2006a; Manfrin-Ledet and Porche, 2003; Dunkle et al., 2004; Quigley et al., 2000b; Silverman et al., 2008). Analysis of DHS data in Rwanda showed that currently married women with few, if any, sexual risk factors for HIV but who have exper...
Community-based interventions (including media) that provide accurate information about HIV transmission can significantly reduce HIV stigma and discrimination.
Reducing Stigma and Discrimination
7 studies
Gray
IIIa, IIIb, IV
HIV testing, discrimination, education, knowledge, mass media, microfinance, stigma
China, Ghana, Malawi, Nigeria, Thailand, Vietnam
Increasing educational attainment can help reduce HIV risk among girls.
Advancing Education
12 studies
Gray
I, II, IIIb, IV, V
HIV testing, Lao PDR, abstinence, condom use, condoms, counseling, education, income, protective behavior, risk behavior, self-perception, sex behavior, sexual behavior, sexual partners, youth
Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Ethiopia, Ghana, India, Malawi, South Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe
Transforming Gender Norms
Gender norms stand in the way of reducing HIV; indeed, a recent study states that, "The global HIV pandemic in its current form cannot be effectively arrested without fundamental transformation of gender norms" (Dunkle and Jewkes, 2007: 173). As former U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton stated: "Achieving our objectives for global development will demand accelerated efforts to achieve gend...
Community organizing and mobilization, including "know your rights" initiatives and engagement with customary leaders, can help women claim their legal rights and minimize the impact and further spread of HIV.
Advancing Human Rights and Access to Justice for Women and Girls
12 studies
Gray
IIIb, IV, V
community organizing, drug use, legal rights, peer education, peer support, property rights, sex work, training
India, Indonesia, Kenya, Malawi, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe
