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Results for "young people"
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Home testing, consented to by household members, can increase the number of people who learn their serostatus.
HIV Testing and Counseling for Women
9 studies
Gray
I, IIIa, IIIb
HIV testing, condoms, counseling, disclosure, health facilities, home-based testing
Kenya, South Africa, Uganda, Zambia
Further evaluation of the potential use of Pre-exposure Prophylaxis for adolescent women is needed. PrEP has been successfully used by people who inject drugs (Choopanya et al., 2013 cited in Pettitfor et al., 2015), but no studies were found among adolescents who inject drugs. ART is being formulated in vaginal rings (Baeten et al., 2016) which may increase use by adolescents without requiring daily pill taking (Brady et al., 2013 and Tolley et al., 2013 cited in Pettitfor et al., 2015); however, the initial pilot trial showed no effcicacy for those under age 21 but efficacy for those over age 21. One study of qualitative interviews with young women found that if given the option of PrEP, they would not use condoms (Corneli et al., 2015).
Providing HIV testing and counseling together with other health services can increase the number of people accessing HIV testing and counseling. [See also %{c:25}]
HIV Testing and Counseling for Women
4 studies
Gray
IIIb, IV
HIV testing, STIs, condoms, contraception, counseling, family planning, health facilities, sexually transmitted infections
Ethiopia, Haiti, Kenya, South Africa
Adolescents living with HIV need information and services through adolescent-friendly HIV services on a number of topics, including disclosure, safer sex, contraception, safe motherhood and gender-based violence. Studies found that health providers were unprepared to discuss HIV and contraception with adolescents who acquired HIV through perinatal transmission, despite the fact that significant numbers of these adolescents were already sexually active. Another study found that these adolescents need skills to disclose their serostatus to sexual partner. WHO recommends that perinatally infected adolescents be advised of their positive serostatus by age 6 (WHO, 2013) but there is little guidance on disclosure for adolescents. Facilitated disclosure by parents and providers to adolescents living with HIV may lead to higher retention in HIV care (Arrive et al., 2012). Parents living with HIV whose adolescents may be living with HIV also need assistance to disclose to their adolescents, as parents fear rejection from their children. Positive health dignity and prevention interventions can help people living with HIV lead healthy lives and reduce HIV transmission, but tailored interventions for adolescents and their parents have not been evaluated for effectiveness, although a trial is currently ongoing (Cunningham, 2015; Mofeson and Cotton, 2013). One study found that 29% of young women aged 16 to 24 living with HIV reported being forced to have sex. No validated curriculum that was shown to be effective for reducing unsafe sex among adolescents living with HIV was found, although some manuals have been developed (Parker et al., 2013c; UNESCO and GNP+, 2012).
Increasing Access to Services
While the literature on access to HIV services by adolescents is limited, the literature on access to sexual and reproductive health services more broadly demonstrates that youth-friendly approaches can increase use of reproductive health care services by female adolescents (Gay et al., 2015). Young peoples service needs are frequently overlooked in HIV programming that is not specifically for ...
Increasing educational attainment can help reduce HIV risk among girls.
Advancing Education
12 studies
Gray
I, II, IIIb, IV, V
HIV testing, Lao PDR, abstinence, condom use, condoms, counseling, education, income, protective behavior, risk behavior, self-perception, sex behavior, sexual behavior, sexual partners, youth
Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Ethiopia, Ghana, India, Malawi, South Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe
Advancing Education
Increasing girls' access to education is critical to combating the AIDS pandemic. "There is a well-established protective effect of schooling on HIV risk" (Pettifor et al., 2008a; Hargreaves et al., 2008a; Jukes et al., 2008 cited in Pettifor et al., 2012a: 1). Education of girls is associated with delayed marriage and childbearing, lower fertility, healthier babies, and increased earning poten...
Mitigating Risk
Young People Need Information
"I want to know if I can have a boyfriend because every time I ask my mum she tells me not to. I would also love to learn about safe sex and safe motherhood (14 year old adolescent girl living with HIV, Zambia cited in Mburu et al., 2013).
A review of the global literature on adolescents found that "there is a significant unmet need for information, education, an...
Training, peer and partner discussions, and community-based education that questions harmful gender norms can improve HIV prevention, testing, treatment and care.
Transforming Gender Norms
6 studies
Gray
II, IIIa, IIIb
STIs, behavior change communication, condom use, condoms, gender equity, gender norms, gender relations, men, peer education, sex behavior, sexual partners, violence, workplace
Botswana, Brazil, India, South Africa, Tanzania
Community or school-based HIV education can reduce stigmatizing attitudes towards those living with HIV
Mitigating Risk
6 studies
Gray
IIIa, IIIb, V
Lao PDR, adolescents, communication, education, knowledge, self-perception, sex education, sexual behavior, stigma
China, South Africa, Thailand, Uganda
Providing clinic services that are youth-friendly, conveniently located, affordable, confidential and non-judgmental, can increase use of clinic reproductive health services, including HIV testing and counseling and treatment services
Increasing Access to Services
7 studies
Gray
IIIb, IV
HIV testing, STIs, South Africa and Swaziland, Zimbabw, adolescents, health services, mass media, providers, support, treatment, youth
Botswana, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe
Community-based participatory learning approaches involving men and women can create more gender-equitable relationships, thereby decreasing violence. [See also %{s:57}]
Addressing Violence Against Women
5 studies
Gray
II, IIIa, IIIb, IV
condom use, condoms, gender norms, gender relations, men, sex behavior, violence
Ethiopia, South Africa, Uganda
Reducing Stigma and Discrimination
"...Three decades into the epidemic, stigmatization remains a core feature of the patient experience of HIV/AIDS" (Gilbert and Walker, 2010: 144). Or as one woman living with HIV in Thailand put it: "It does not matter how many thousand people have HIV/AIDS... I would say that only zero percent will accept people living with HIV/AIDS" (Liamputtong et al., 2009: 865). Stigma and discrimination h...
Promoting Women’s Leadership
Strengthening womens rights and health NGOs and supporting women leaders who can mobilize in-country efforts in the interests of women and girls affected by HIV is critical. "...It is not enough for programmes and strategies to be designed on behalf of those living with AIDS; we have much to learn from their experiences, and how they struggle to negotiate being positive and maintaining sex live...
Transforming Gender Norms
Gender norms stand in the way of reducing HIV; indeed, a recent study states that, "The global HIV pandemic in its current form cannot be effectively arrested without fundamental transformation of gender norms" (Dunkle and Jewkes, 2007: 173). As former U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton stated: "Achieving our objectives for global development will demand accelerated efforts to achieve gend...
Treatment
Antiretroviral therapy has transformed HIV to a chronic - though still incurable - virus requiring ongoing therapy and strict adherence to treatment. For the most part, virally suppressed people living with HIV today have no difference in life expectancy than demographically similar HIV-negative individuals (Sabin, 2013 cited in Justice and Falutz, 2014; Maman et al. 2012a).
This section does ...
Community outreach and mobilization can increase uptake of HIV testing and counseling by reaching clients who may not present at a hospital or clinic.
HIV Testing and Counseling for Women
8 studies
Gray
II, IIIa, IIIb, IV
HIV testing, adolescents, community, community outreach, community-based testing, counseling, couples, health facilities, malaria, support groups, tuberculosis
Indonesia, Kenya, South Africa, Tanzania, Thailand, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe
Women and Girls
By all estimates, most care and support is provided in the home and women provide two-thirds or more of that care and support (Ogden et al., 2006; Homan et al., 2005b; Akintola, 2006; UN, 2008b; Nyangara et al., 2009b; Surkan et al., 2010). However, this means that one-third of care and support is provided by men, and some have argued that making this more visible can shift gender norms and inc...
Prevention for Women
In this era of great strides forward in treatment, it is important not to lose sight of the continued need to undertake a range of interventions to prevent HIV transmission. An estimated 2.7 million people newly acquired HIV infection in 2010, as they did for each of the years 2009, 2008 and 2007, down from 3.1 million people in 2002 (WHO et al., 2011b). However, even with all this encouraging ...
