Showing 21 - 40 of 49
Results for "viral load"
Results
Adherence and Support
"I'm 18 years, you are telling me drugs for life?" --Woman living with HIV in Uganda (Hsieh, 2013: 11)Treatment adherence is necessary to continually suppress the virus. Adherence to ART leads to better virological outcomes, prevents disease progression and improves survival (Nachega et al., 2010a; Nachega et al., 2010c). Conversely, inadequate adherence leads to drug resistance, which can then...
Malaria
Malaria and HIV co-infection is a critical public health problem that may fuel the spread of both diseases in countries where both diseases are endemic. Malaria seems to be more common for people living with HIV and in areas of unstable malaria transmission, people living with HIV face increased risk of death (Mermin et al., 2006). Men and women living with HIV with CD4 counts below 300 cells p...
Hepatitis
Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver, most often caused by a virus. The most common types of viruses are hepatitis A, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, hepatitis D and hepatitis E. "Hepatitis A and E are typically caused by ingestion of contaminated food or water and are not known to cause chronic liver disease" (WHO, 2010c). A vaccine exists for hepatitis A and a meta-analysis of eight studies fr...
Adults in resource-poor settings, including key populations such as sex workers, have achieved good adherence to antiretroviral therapy with results similar to those achieved in resource-rich countries.
Adherence and Support
6 studies
Gray
II, IIIa, IIIb
El Salvador, adherence, treatment
Argentina, Benin, Botswana, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Canada, Dominican Republic, Ethiopia, India, Kenya, Russia, Rwanda, Sub-Saharan Africa, Thailand, United States, Vietnam, Zimbabwe
Provision and Access
Antiretroviral therapy has been successfully administered in a range of situations with adherence, retention, and clinical outcomes similar to those achieved in resource-rich countries. Increasing provision and access, grounded in human rights based approaches, across all populations is critical to continuing that success.
"I cook scones for my children and do not get tired. I do chores, pound...
Treatment
Antiretroviral therapy has transformed HIV to a chronic - though still incurable - virus requiring ongoing therapy and strict adherence to treatment. For the most part, virally suppressed people living with HIV today have no difference in life expectancy than demographically similar HIV-negative individuals (Sabin, 2013 cited in Justice and Falutz, 2014; Maman et al. 2012a).
This section does ...
Involving partners, with women’s consent, can result in increased testing and disclosure and may reduce risk of vertical transmission and infant mortality.
Antenatal Care - Testing and Counseling
4 studies
Gray
II, IIIa, IIIb
HIV testing, PMTCT, STIs, antenatal care, condoms, counseling, pregnancy, sexual partners
India, Kenya, South Africa
Antenatal Care - Treatment
Antiretroviral treatment (ART) for women living with HIV is vital to ensuring safe motherhood and reducing vertical transmission. But not all pregnant women access treatment. For women in high-income countries where access to triple therapy during pregnancy has been the standard of care and is near universal, rates of vertical HIV transmission are as low as 0.4%, for example, in Canada (Forbes ...
Pre-Conception
Although many women do not learn their HIV status until they become pregnant, for those women who know they are HIV-positive prior to choosing to become pregnant, pre-conception assessments may inform both her and her partner of the safest way to become pregnant without HIV transmission to the infant or HIV transmission between serodiscordant couples. Therefore, throughout their reproductive ye...
Treatment as Prevention
Antiretroviral medication has been successfully used in a number of ways: first and foremost to treat those with high viral load and diminishing CD4 counts; secondly to prevent vertical transmission of HIV from pregnant and breastfeeding women to their infants; third, as a prophylactic for those who have been exposed to HIV occupationally or through sexual assault (post-exposure prophylaxis, PE...
Providing treatment support and literacy, including by HIV-positive peers and by providers, can increase adherence.
Adherence and Support
4 studies
Gray
IIIb, V
adherence, counseling, literacy, support, support groups, treatment, treatment literacy
Indonesia, Mozambique, Swaziland, Thailand
Triple therapy, when used for treatment or prophylaxis through the postpartum period reduces mother-to-child HIV transmission. [See also %{s:45}].
Postpartum
14 studies
Gray
I, II, IIIa, IIIb, IV, V
CD4 counts, HAART, PMTCT, breastfeeding, formula feeding, treatment
Botswana, Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, Ethiopia, India, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Rwanda, South Africa, Southern Africa, Tanzania, Uganda
Postpartum
Postpartum care is the most neglected aspect of maternal health, yet a time of high risk for maternal mortality. "The majority of maternal deaths occur during or immediately after childbirth; ...up to half of all newborn deaths occur within the first 24 hours of life" (WHO et al., 2011c). While many women access antenatal care, much fewer women globally have access to postnatal care. For exampl...
Women and Girls
By all estimates, most care and support is provided in the home and women provide two-thirds or more of that care and support (Ogden et al., 2006; Homan et al., 2005b; Akintola, 2006; UN, 2008b; Nyangara et al., 2009b; Surkan et al., 2010). However, this means that one-third of care and support is provided by men, and some have argued that making this more visible can shift gender norms and inc...
