Showing 21 - 40 of 41
Results for "violence against women"
Results
Women and Girls in Complex Emergencies
Complex emergencies are situations of disrupted livelihoods and threats to life produced by warfare, civil disturbance and large-scale movements of people, in which any emergency response has to be conducted in a difficult political and security environment (WHO, 2002). Complex emergencies can also be generated from natural disasters. An estimated 200 million people are affected every year by h...
HIV Testing and Counseling for Women
Knowing ones HIV serostatus is the first step in getting the appropriate treatment and care. According to UNAIDS, fewer than 40% of those living with HIV are aware of their serostatus (UNAIDS, 2010c). In parts of sub-Saharan Africa, more than 80% of people living with HIV do not know their positive serostatus (Anand et al., 2009). Global consensus exists that greater knowledge of HIV status is ...
Advancing Human Rights and Access to Justice for Women and Girls
*Respecting, protecting and fulfilling womens rights, particularly the rights of the most marginalized women, is increasingly understood as fundamental to an effective HIV response. Laws reflecting unequal gender norms that discriminate against women may limit their ability to protect themselves from HIV infection. In many countries where women are most at risk for acquiring HIV, laws to protec...
Promoting Women’s Employment, Income and Livelihood Opportunities
Women's economic dependence on men and unequal access to resources, including land and income-generating opportunities, increases the likelihood of women and girls engaging in a variety of unsafe sexual behaviors including transactional sex, coerced sex, earlier sexual debut, and multiple sexual partners, and thus increases their risk of becoming infected with HIV (Gillespie and Kadiyala, 2005)...
Community organizing and mobilization, including "know your rights" initiatives and engagement with customary leaders, can help women claim their legal rights and minimize the impact and further spread of HIV.
Advancing Human Rights and Access to Justice for Women and Girls
12 studies
Gray
IIIb, IV, V
community organizing, drug use, legal rights, peer education, peer support, property rights, sex work, training
India, Indonesia, Kenya, Malawi, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe
Increased employment opportunities, microfinance, or small-scale income-generating activities can reduce behavior that increases HIV risk, particularly among young people.*
Promoting Women’s Employment, Income and Livelihood Opportunities
4 studies
Gray
II, IIIb
HIV testing, Republic of Congo, condoms, employment, microfinance, risk behavior, sex behavior, training programs, youth
Haiti, South Africa
Training, peer and partner discussions, and community-based education that questions harmful gender norms can improve HIV prevention, testing, treatment and care.
Transforming Gender Norms
6 studies
Gray
II, IIIa, IIIb
STIs, behavior change communication, condom use, condoms, gender equity, gender norms, gender relations, men, peer education, sex behavior, sexual partners, violence, workplace
Botswana, Brazil, India, South Africa, Tanzania
Transforming Gender Norms
Gender norms stand in the way of reducing HIV; indeed, a recent study states that, "The global HIV pandemic in its current form cannot be effectively arrested without fundamental transformation of gender norms" (Dunkle and Jewkes, 2007: 173). As former U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton stated: "Achieving our objectives for global development will demand accelerated efforts to achieve gend...
Creating a sense of community, empowerment and leadership among sex workers can help support effective HIV prevention.
Female Sex Workers
6 studies
Gray
II, IIIb, V
Armenia, HIV testing, community organizing, condoms, empowerment, peer education, prevention, sex workers, violence
India, Kenya
Antenatal Care - Testing and Counseling
In 2007, only an estimated 18% of pregnant women were offered HIV tests (ITPC, 2009). "The purpose of antenatal VCT should be to help a woman prepare for a possible positive HIV diagnosis [and] to provide her with information about PMTCT options" (De Bruyn and Paxton, 2005: 145). In developing country settings, between eight and ten percent of women report having received PMTCT interventions (P...
Strengthening the Enabling Environment
In order for HIV and/or AIDS interventions for women and girls to succeed, factors beyond the health services need to be addressed through multisectoral interventions. These environmental factors include gender norms that guide how girls and boys grow to be women and men, legal norms that confer or withhold rights for women and girls, access to education, income, levels of tolerance for violenc...
Prevention and Services for Adolescents and Young People
The interventions in this section should also be viewed in conjunction with other topics where young women are included. Studies with adolescent-specific data are also included in the following sections: %{c:5}; %{c:7}; %{c:11}; %{c:13}; %{c:17}; %{c:21}; and %{c:23}.
HIV among adolescents is a growing concern. UNAIDS notes that adolescent girls and young women are a key population in danger o...
Antenatal Care - Treatment
Antiretroviral treatment (ART) for women living with HIV is vital to ensuring safe motherhood and reducing vertical transmission. But not all pregnant women access treatment. For women in high-income countries where access to triple therapy during pregnancy has been the standard of care and is near universal, rates of vertical HIV transmission are as low as 0.4%, for example, in Canada (Forbes ...
Advancing Education
Increasing girls' access to education is critical to combating the AIDS pandemic. "There is a well-established protective effect of schooling on HIV risk" (Pettifor et al., 2008a; Hargreaves et al., 2008a; Jukes et al., 2008 cited in Pettifor et al., 2012a: 1). Education of girls is associated with delayed marriage and childbearing, lower fertility, healthier babies, and increased earning poten...
Female Sex Workers
Sex workers, whose work involves sexual relations with multiple partners, are a key group of women who need access to comprehensive sexual health services, including HIV prevention, treatment and care. Programs that enhance sex workers' ability to use condoms are also vitally important (Lafort et al., 2010; Pisani, 2008). Unprotected sex with multiple partners puts sex workers at risk of HIV ac...
Safe Motherhood and Prevention of Vertical Transmission
Three vital components of AIDS programming for women living with HIV are ensuring safe motherhood through access to health care before, during and after pregnancy and childbirth; ensuring access to treatment; and ensuring access to services to prevent vertical HIV transmission. While much progress has been made in reducing vertical transmission, more could be done. A recent demographic model sh...
Staying Healthy and Reducing Transmission
"Me, I try to tell the man that, 'In this house we have been found with this problem. We should accept it. I should not point a finger at you. You, too, should not point a finger at me. Just buy your protection.' And so, little by little what he does now is different from what he did in the past." --Malawi woman living with HIV (Mkandawire-Valhmu and Stephens, 2010: 691)Successfully treated peo...
