Showing 21 - 40 of 46
Results for "human rights"
Results
Decriminalization of drug possession and drug use and legalized comprehensive harm reduction services can significantly reduce HIV infections among people who use drugs, compared with persistent or growing rates in countries where such services are restricted or blocked by law. (Global Commission on HIV and the Law, 2012: 29). [See also %{s:11}]
Advancing Human Rights and Access to Justice for Women and Girls
6 studies
Gray
IIIb, V
Czech Republic, Portugal, criminalization, drug use, methadone, needles, opiate substitution therapy
Canada, China, Estonia, Switzerland
Female Sex Workers
Sex workers, whose work involves sexual relations with multiple partners, are a key group of women who need access to comprehensive sexual health services, including HIV prevention, treatment and care. Programs that enhance sex workers' ability to use condoms are also vitally important (Lafort et al., 2010; Pisani, 2008). Unprotected sex with multiple partners puts sex workers at risk of HIV ac...
Women Who Have Sex With Women (WSW)
At least seventy-six countries criminalize consensual samesex relations, making access to HIV prevention, treatment and care a challenge for women who have sex with women (UN General Assembly, 2011). According to a report by the International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission, although prevalence rates are lower than heterosexual women, same-sex practicing South African women self-report ...
Delivery
For women with HIV, there is little evaluated evidence available regarding delivery options, though research has shown that by substantially lowering viral load, HAART can diminish the advantage of a cesarean section in reducing perinatal transmission (Sharma and Spearman, 2008; Rongkavilit and Asmar, 2011; Coovadia and Newell, 2012). Cesarean sections are not always available or safe in many d...
Provision and Access
Antiretroviral therapy has been successfully administered in a range of situations with adherence, retention, and clinical outcomes similar to those achieved in resource-rich countries. Increasing provision and access, grounded in human rights based approaches, across all populations is critical to continuing that success.
"I cook scones for my children and do not get tired. I do chores, pound...
HIV Testing and Counseling for Women
Knowing ones HIV serostatus is the first step in getting the appropriate treatment and care. According to UNAIDS, fewer than 40% of those living with HIV are aware of their serostatus (UNAIDS, 2010c). In parts of sub-Saharan Africa, more than 80% of people living with HIV do not know their positive serostatus (Anand et al., 2009). Global consensus exists that greater knowledge of HIV status is ...
Women and Girls in Complex Emergencies
Complex emergencies are situations of disrupted livelihoods and threats to life produced by warfare, civil disturbance and large-scale movements of people, in which any emergency response has to be conducted in a difficult political and security environment (WHO, 2002). Complex emergencies can also be generated from natural disasters. An estimated 200 million people are affected every year by h...
Antenatal Care - Testing and Counseling
In 2007, only an estimated 18% of pregnant women were offered HIV tests (ITPC, 2009). "The purpose of antenatal VCT should be to help a woman prepare for a possible positive HIV diagnosis [and] to provide her with information about PMTCT options" (De Bruyn and Paxton, 2005: 145). In developing country settings, between eight and ten percent of women report having received PMTCT interventions (P...
Structuring Health Services to Meet Women’s Needs
The manner in which health services are structured has an impact on HIV prevention, treatment and care services for women and girls. Women often need multiple reproductive health services such as family planning in addition to HIV prevention, treatment and care, but most health care facilities are not structured to provide integrated services. Integration can be defined broadly as 1) co-locatio...
Treatment
Antiretroviral therapy has transformed HIV to a chronic - though still incurable - virus requiring ongoing therapy and strict adherence to treatment. For the most part, virally suppressed people living with HIV today have no difference in life expectancy than demographically similar HIV-negative individuals (Sabin, 2013 cited in Justice and Falutz, 2014; Maman et al. 2012a).
This section does ...
Clinic-based interventions with outreach workers can be effective in increasing condom use and HIV testing among sex workers.
Female Sex Workers
5 studies
Gray
IIIa, IIIb, V
HIV testing, STIs, community outreach, condom use, contraception, sex behavior, sex workers, sexually transmitted infections
Brazil, China, Guatemala, Mexico, Mozambique
Mitigating Risk
Young People Need Information
"I want to know if I can have a boyfriend because every time I ask my mum she tells me not to. I would also love to learn about safe sex and safe motherhood (14 year old adolescent girl living with HIV, Zambia cited in Mburu et al., 2013).
A review of the global literature on adolescents found that "there is a significant unmet need for information, education, an...
Addressing Violence Against Women
Violence, in addition to being a human rights violation, has been clearly demonstrated as a risk factor for HIV (WHO, 2010f; Stephenson, 2007; Jewkes et al., 2006a; Manfrin-Ledet and Porche, 2003; Dunkle et al., 2004; Quigley et al., 2000b; Silverman et al., 2008). Analysis of DHS data in Rwanda showed that currently married women with few, if any, sexual risk factors for HIV but who have exper...
Peer support groups can be highly beneficial to women living with HIV.
Women and Girls
11 studies
Gray
IIIa, IIIb, IV, V
PLHA, PMTCT, care, counseling, disclosure, mothers, stigma, support grops, support groups, treatment
Australia, Botswana, India, Kenya, South Africa, Thailand, Uganda, Vietnam, Zambia, Zimbabwe
Comprehensive harm reduction programs, including needle exchange programs, condom distribution, agonist therapy and outreach, and nonjudgmental risk reduction counseling can reduce HIV risk behaviors and prevalence among PWID.
Women Who Use Drugs and Female Partners of Men Who Use Drugs
10 studies
Gray
I, II, IIIa, IIIb
HIV testing, PWID, PWID drug treatment, condom use, counseling, drug treatment, drug use, harm reduction, health education, needle distribution, needle exchange, needles
Australia, Bangladesh, Brazil, Canada, China, Europe, India, Nepal, Russia, United States
Staying Healthy and Reducing Transmission
"Me, I try to tell the man that, 'In this house we have been found with this problem. We should accept it. I should not point a finger at you. You, too, should not point a finger at me. Just buy your protection.' And so, little by little what he does now is different from what he did in the past." --Malawi woman living with HIV (Mkandawire-Valhmu and Stephens, 2010: 691)Successfully treated peo...
