Showing 21 - 40 of 59 Results for "China"

Results

Migrant PWID are at high risk of acquiring HIV and require programming collaboration between countries. A study of PWID at a border town found high rates of sharing injecting equipment and that border crossing was strongly associated with sharing injection equipment.
Women Who Use Drugs and Female Partners of Men Who Use Drugs
1 study
Efforts are needed to avoid disruption of HIV and AIDS programmes during raids and other policing mechanisms. Studies found that HIV prevention efforts are disrupted during raids and that carrying condoms is used to prosecute sex workers.
Female Sex Workers
1 study
Interventions are needed to increase access to palliative care. Studies found that a significant proportion of patients needed palliative care, which should be integrated into home-based care.
Women and Girls
1 study
PWID need equitable access to antiretroviral therapy. PWID have successfully started antiretroviral therapy in at least 50 countries but PWID are disproportionally less likely than other patients with HIV to receive antiretroviral therapy, even in the countries where PWID represent most of the HIV-positive population. In 2008, PWID were 67% of HIV cases in five countries with the largest HIV epidemics concentrated in PWID yet only 25% of those receiving ART (Wolfe et al., 2010). [See also %{c:13}]
Women Who Use Drugs and Female Partners of Men Who Use Drugs
1 study
Changing the gender norms that can lead to increased risks of HIV such as those dictating multiple sexual partners, the use of violence, or drinking heavily for men and sexual ignorance, submissiveness and dependency for women and girls is a current challenge. Further well-evaluated interventions are needed and existing interventions need to be scaled up. Studies found that women were aware of being at risk for HIV yet felt they had no power to negotiate the terms of sex or to demand condom use. Studies found that both men and women thought multiple sexual partners for men to be an accepted norm in many countries. Media reinforced these gender stereotypes.
Transforming Gender Norms
1 study
Efforts are needed to reform laws that criminalize drug use and/or drug possession for personal use and to eliminate compulsory drug detention and instead, provide people who use drugs with access to HIV and health services, including harm reduction, and voluntary, effective evidence-based drug dependency treatment. Detention centers are administered by police, military or other national government public security authorities and operate outside the formal criminal justice system with detainees held without trial or right of appeal; those detained are not allowed to leave voluntarily (Wolfe, 2012). Studies found that female IDU were not given reproductive health services, including PMTCT services in compulsory detention and/or prison settings. Detoxification programs were substandard and ineffective. Despite high rates of HIV, antiretroviral treatment is largely unavailable in compulsory drug detention centers. IDUs who have started antiretroviral treatment should be able to continue treatment in prison with access to medical supervision. [See also %{s:11}]
Advancing Human Rights and Access to Justice for Women and Girls
1 study
Interventions to increase the knowledge of people living with HIV — especially women — regarding their rights and provision of resources for them to access and claim these rights need to be scaled up. Studies found that women had insufficient knowledge of their legal rights and no resources to claim their legal rights.
Advancing Human Rights and Access to Justice for Women and Girls
1 study
Interventions are needed to reduce homophobia, which may lead MSM to have partnerships with women. Studies found that homosexuality was heavily stigmatized and that gender norms pressured MSM to marry and have families.
Partner Reduction
1 study
Basic information on HIV such as where to access condoms and confidential HIV testing is still needed for sex workers in some settings. Studies found that sex workers lacked adequate knowledge of HIV and few had sought testing. Most did not know where to obtain condoms or understand that condoms could reduce the risk of HIV acquisition. Others had misconceptions that showering could reduce risk of acquiring HIV
Female Sex Workers
1 study
Efforts are needed to provide HIV prevention and services to children and adolescents aged 10 to 17 who sell sex. [See also Prevention for Young People: %{s:25}] A number of studies show that significant numbers of sex workers selling sex when they are under age 18 and these adolescents are at high risk of acquiring HIV and have numerous legal and policy barriers, such as fear of the police, needing a guardian over age 18 to access HIV testing and counseling, and forced detention, in trying to access services.
Female Sex Workers
1 study
Interventions are needed to provide sex workers with greater control and access over money and resources, which can have a positive impact on HIV-related risk reduction. Studies found that if sex workers had access to resources under their control, women were more likely to negotiate condom use and that female sex workers in debt were less likely to report condom use.
Female Sex Workers
1 study
Efforts are needed to eliminate compulsory drug detention and instead, provide PWID with HIV prevention and testing services and effective drug dependency treatment by medical professionals. Detention centers are administered by police, military or other national government public security authorities and operate outside the form criminal justice system with detainees held without trial or right of appeal and those detained do not allow people to leave voluntarily (Wolfe, 2012). Studies found that women who use drugs were not given reproductive health services, including PMTCT services in compulsory detention and/or prison settings. Detoxification programs were substandard and ineffective. Despite high rates of HIV, antiretroviral treatment is largely unavailable in compulsory drug detention centers. One study found high rates of injecting drug use within prison and high rates of syringe sharing within prisons plus incarceration was not associated with reduction in drug use, with over a quarter of these female drug users. PWID in and out of prison who have started antiretroviral treatment should be able to continue treatment with access to medical supervision. Treatment in compulsory drug detention takes the form of sanction rather than therapy, with high relapse rates.
Women Who Use Drugs and Female Partners of Men Who Use Drugs
1 study
Enforcement of standard protocols is needed to reduce the risk of provider coercion in HIV testing, particularly in provider-initiated testing and counseling. Studies found that significant numbers of women reported that they could not refuse an HIV test or that HIV testing was mandatory.
HIV Testing and Counseling for Women
1 study
Scale up of testing is needed with competent staff and labs in order to assess CD4 counts and link those who test HIV-positive to treatment. Studies are finding that in some countries, those who test HIV-positive are presenting with AIDS and that patients do not initiate ART despite eligibility. Those who test HIV-positive yet not eligible to receive antiretroviral therapy according to their national guidelines often did not remain in care until they were eligible for treatment.
Provision and Access
1 study
Women and their sexual partners need access to comprehensive pre-conception care so they can make informed decisions about pregnancy before conception. Studies found that HIV-positive women could not access pre-conception advice on safer pregnancy options, as health providers discouraged pregnancy. Studies found that significant numbers of pregnant women did not know any way to prevent vertical transmission and face dilemmas with balancing the desire for children with fear of risking acquiring HIV or transmitting HIV to their partner or infant. Studies also showed that women did not understand the relationship between high CD4 counts and reducing the risk of HIV transmission.
Pre-Conception
1 study
Further interventions are needed to reduce stigma and discrimination against women, specifically, who are at high risk or living with HIV. [See also %{s:45}] Studies found that women and girls are highly stigmatized if they test positive for HIV. Stigma impacts the HIV-positive woman, herself, as well as her children, her siblings and her family. Some providers also discriminate against those living with HIV.
Reducing Stigma and Discrimination
1 study
Further interventions to provide support programs, including counseling, are needed for AIDS-orphaned children and their caregivers to combat depression, social isolation and stigma. Studies found that AIDS orphans reported insufficient food, depression and stigma.
Orphans and Vulnerable Children
1 study
Interventions are needed to scale up and increase access to methadone and buprenorphine—effective agonist therapy for the treatment of drug dependence, as well as needle exchange/distribution programs. Studies found only tiny fractions of those who need maintenance medication had access. A study found that user fees for methadone maintenance programs presented a barrier to access to care. In places where no needle exchange programs are operating, high rates of borrowing of used syringes occur, placing IDUs at high risk of acquiring HIV.
Women Who Use Drugs and Female Partners of Men Who Use Drugs
1 study
Interventions are needed to provide women and their partners with a better understanding of the risk of acquiring HIV through sexual practices as well as through injecting drug use (IOM, 2007). Studies found low rates of condom use despite sexual relationships with IDUs, lack of knowledge by IDUs on sexual and reproductive health and lack of access to clean needles. A study also found that many MSM and male intravenous drug users avoid disclosure of their sexual and drug risk behavior along with their HIV status due to stigma and gender norms and that most wives reported violence and little or no condom use. HIV-positive male IDUs want help with disclosure to their wives. Most wives of IDUs reported only a single lifetime sexual partner and only a tiny proportion reported injecting drug use.
Women Who Use Drugs and Female Partners of Men Who Use Drugs
1 study
Interventions in both sending and receiving countries are needed for migrant women and female partners of male migrants who are at high risk of HIV acquisition. Studies found that migrants, and female partners of male migrants, are often at high risk of HIV acquisition yet do not have basic facts concerning HIV transmission nor use condoms.
Migrant Women and Female Partners of Male Migrants
1 study